The Governance Triangle: Economic Interactions in Civil Society, the State, and the Market
中文摘要
公民社会中的互动是个人化且持久的，因此，身份认同与他涉偏好（关照他人的偏好）是重要的动机。在此，我们将公民社会与市场和国家并列，作为经济治理的第三种形式，从而形成治理三角。我们提供的证据表明，自 20 世纪 70 年代以来，与公民社会相关的主题在经济学研究中的重要性已大幅上升。一个现已成为标准的、关于私营企业雇佣关系的委托—代理模型，揭示了公民社会互动的三个特征：面对面互动、社会规范以及私人对权力的行使各自的重要性。我们表明，与国家或市场治理相比，公民社会有时能更成功地应对市场失灵和其他协调问题。在利益冲突较为有限、且国家和市场行为者可获得的信息有限的情形下，公民社会可能具有比较制度优势。然而，当公民社会治理建立在“我们对他们”（us-versus-them）形式的身份认同之上时，它可能会助长与自由民主社会相悖的偏好。
Abstract
Interactions in civil society are personal and enduring, and as a result, identity and other-regarding preferences are important motivations. Here we add civil society to markets and states as a third form of governance of the economy, creating the governance triangle. We provide evidence that themes related to civil society have assumed substantially greater importance in economic research since the 1970s. A now-standard principal–agent model of employment in private firms reveals three characteristics of interactions in civil society: the importance of face-to-face interactions, social norms, and the private exercise of power. We show that market failures and other coordination problems can sometimes be more successfully addressed by civil society than by state or market governance. Civil society may have a comparative institutional advantage where conflicts of interest are modest and information available to state and market actors is limited. When based on us-versus-them forms of identity, however, civil society governance may promote preferences antithetical to a liberal and democratic society.