中文摘要
原则上，发展中国家的企业受益于这样一个事实：先进技术和产品已在工业化国家开发出来，可以直接采用，这一过程通常被称为产业升级。但对许多企业而言，这种优势依然难以企及。是什么阻碍了这一进程？本文回顾了近期关于发展中国家升级决定因素的企业层面实证研究。第一部分聚焦于如何定义和测度升级的各个维度——学习、质量升级、技术采用和产品创新。第二部分梳理了关于升级驱动因素的最新证据，将其归类为产出侧驱动因素、投入侧驱动因素或专有技能驱动因素。最后，我对该领域颇具前景的研究方向提出了一些思考。(JEL D21, D24, D83, F14, L26, O14, O31)
Abstract
In principle, firms in developing countries benefit from the fact that advanced technologies and products have already been developed in industrialized countries and can simply be adopted, a process often referred to as industrial upgrading. But for many firms this advantage remains elusive. What is getting in the way? This paper reviews recent firm-level empirical research on the determinants of upgrading in developing countries. The first part focuses on how to define and measure various dimensions of upgrading—learning, quality upgrading, technology adoption, and product innovation. The second part takes stock of recent evidence on the drivers of upgrading, classifying them as output-side drivers, input-side drivers, or drivers of know-how. I conclude with some thoughts about promising directions for research in the area. (JEL D21, D24, D83, F14, L26, O14, O31)