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美国的气候与人口迁移

Climate and migration in the United States
Journal of Public Economics · 2025 · Patrick Baylis、Prashant Bharadwaj、Jamie T. Mullins、Nick Obradovich

中文摘要

我们研究美国家庭是否会进行气候相关迁移。在美国,大多数人口并不经常遭遇自然灾害,也不在受气候影响的行业工作。利用人口普查和税务申报的全面长期数据,我们发现,温暖气温会引致净迁出,而较凉爽气温则不会。通过比较使用不同时长时间变异的模型估计结果,我们进一步表明,迁移是对高温的中期反应:十年及更长期的天气变化所产生的年化影响大于逐年变化的影响。最后,对不同类型县的比较表明,宜居价值是美国气候相关迁移背后的一个重要机制。

Abstract

We study whether households engage in climate-related migration in the United States, a country where most of the population does not regularly experience natural disasters or work in climate-exposed industries. With comprehensive, long-run data from both the Census and tax filings, we document that warm temperatures induce net out-migration, while cooler temperatures do not. By comparing estimates from models using different lengths of temporal variation, we further show that migration is a medium-run response to high temperatures: decadal and longer shifts in weather have larger annualized impacts than year-over-year changes. Finally, comparisons across county types suggest amenity value is an important mechanism behind climate-related migration in the United States.
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