父母离婚如何影响子女的长期结果？

中文摘要

许多论文报告了父母离婚与子女结果之间存在负向关联。为了提供该相关性是否为因果的证据，我们利用了父亲工作场所性别平衡程度中的特异性变异。在工作中相关年龄-职业-群体内遇到更多女性的父亲更有可能离婚。该结果以企业内女性员工的总体比例以及详细的行业归属为条件。父母离婚对子女具有持续的、且大多为负向的影响，且在男孩和女孩之间存在差异。处理组男孩的受教育程度更低，劳动力市场结果更差，并且更有可能早逝。处理组女孩的受教育程度也更低，但她们也更有可能在较早年龄生育（尤其是在青少年时期）。然而，处理组女孩在就业方面的损失较小。这可能是青少年时期生育的直接后果，青少年时期生育促使她们较早进入劳动力市场。• 父母离婚对子女长期结果的因果效应。• 源自父亲工作场所性别平衡的外生变异。• 父母离婚对子女具有持续的、且大多为负向的影响。• 处理组男孩的受教育程度更低，劳动力市场结果更差，并且更有可能早逝。• 处理组女孩的受教育程度也更低，但她们也更有可能在较早年龄生育，不过在就业方面的损失较小。

Abstract

Many papers report a negative association between parental divorce and child outcomes. To provide evidence whether this correlation is causal, we exploit idiosyncratic variation in the extent of gender balance in fathers’ workplaces. Fathers who encounter more women in their relevant age–occupation–group at work are more likely to divorce. This result is conditional on the overall proportion of female employees in a firm and on detailed industry affiliation. Parental divorce has persistent, and mostly negative effects on children that differ between boys and girls. Treated boys have lower levels of educational attainment, worse labor market outcomes and are more likely to die early. Treated girls also have lower levels of educational attainment, but they are also more likely to have children at an early age (especially in their teens). However, treated girls lose less in terms of employment. This could be a direct consequence of teenage motherhood, which initiates early entry into the labor market. • Causal effect of parental divorce on children’s long-term outcomes. • Exogenous variation from gender-balance at fathers’ workplace. • Parental divorce has persistent, and mostly negative effects on children. • Treated boys have lower levels of educational attainment, worse labor market outcomes and are more likely to die early. • Treated girls have lower levels of educational attainment, but they are also more likely to have children at an early age, but lose less in terms of employment.