存在学生分类与择优选录并存时的学校隔离：来自教育券改革的证据

中文摘要

本文利用智利择校制度的一项改革研究学生的社会经济隔离问题，重点关注学生需求和学校选择性。该改革提高了学校招收低社会经济地位学生所获得的补贴。我利用学校激励受到的这一冲击，检验学校是否在招生时依据学生的社会经济特征进行选择。学校通过降低择优选录（cream-skimming）水平来应对新的教育券政策。我将这些招生限制纳入需求模型，以估计家长对学校特征和同伴特征的偏好。研究表明，忽略招生限制会导致低估贫困家长对学校质量的偏好。反事实模拟显示，高社会经济地位家长对高社会经济地位同伴的偏好，而非学校的选择性行为，是造成隔离的主要驱动因素之一。这很可能解释了选择退出该改革的学校入学人数出人意料的增长，以及该改革未能有效减少学校间社会经济隔离这一事实。

Abstract

This paper uses a reform to Chile’s school choice system to study student socioeconomic segregation with a focus on student demand and school selectivity. The reform increases the subsidies that schools receive for low socioeconomic status students. I exploit this shock to schools’ incentives to test for selection at admission based on students’ socioeconomic characteristics. Schools respond to the new voucher by decreasing the level of cream-skimming. I incorporate these admission restrictions in a demand model to estimate parents’ preferences for school and peer characteristics. I show that ignoring admission restrictions leads to underestimating poor parents’ preferences for school quality. Counterfactual simulations show that preferences of high-SES parents for high-SES peers are one of the main drivers behind segregation as opposed to schools’ selective behavior. This likely explains the unexpected increase in enrollment for schools that opted out of the reform and the ineffectiveness of the reform in reducing socioeconomic segregation across schools.