Norm-based feedback on household waste: Large-scale field experiments in two Swedish municipalities
中文摘要
我们开展了两项大规模随机对照试验，首次提供证据表明，家庭能源报告式的规范反馈信函可用于减少家庭垃圾。我们考察了多种反馈形式，其中包括一种新颖的短期动态规范反馈，强调垃圾处理行为正在发生的变化。所有处理均使垃圾减少约7%—12%，这一幅度远大于能源或用水领域通常发现的效果。该效应主要由包装物回收增加所驱动，并且在干预结束一年后仍基本保持不变。与其他非价格型垃圾政策相比，反馈具有很高的成本效益。然而，净社会收益取决于家庭对接收反馈的偏好——我们通过一项估值调查对其进行引致测度——以及现行垃圾收费是否已将垃圾的边际社会成本内部化。• 我们检验家庭能源报告式反馈对家庭垃圾的影响。• 在两项大规模实验中，残余（未分类）垃圾减少了7%—12%。• 我们引致并测度了接收反馈的激励相容支付意愿。• 净社会收益还取决于现行垃圾收费是否超过外部成本。
Abstract
We conduct two large-scale randomized controlled trials to produce the first evidence that Home Energy Report-type norm feedback letters can be used to reduce household waste. We explore several feedback variants, including a novel short-run dynamic norm that emphasizes ongoing changes in waste behavior. Waste reductions are on the order of 7%–12% for all treatments, substantially larger than usually found in the energy or water domains. Effects are mostly driven by increased recycling of packaging and remain largely intact a year after the intervention ended. Feedback is highly cost-effective compared to alternative non-price waste policies. However, net social benefits depend on household preferences for receiving feedback, which we elicit in a valuation survey, and whether existing waste fees internalize the marginal social cost of waste. • We test the effect of Home Energy Report-type feedback on household waste. • In two large-scale experiments, residual (unsorted) waste is reduced by 7%–12%. • We elicit an incentive compatible measure of willingness to pay to receive feedback. • Net social benefit also depends on whether existing waste fees exceed external cost.