玻璃墙：关于女性获取高价值技能机会所面临约束的实验证据
Glass Walls: Experimental Evidence on Constraints Faced by Women in Accessing Valuable Skilling Opportunities
Journal of Political Economy · 2025 · [{"name": "Ali Cheema", "affiliation": ["Lahore University of Management Sciences"]}, {"name": "Asim I. Khwaja", "affiliation": []}, {"name": "M. Farooq Naseer", "affiliation": []}, {"name": "Jacob N. Shapiro", "affiliation": ["Princeton University"]}]
中文摘要
来自巴基斯坦的实验证据表明，距离构成了一种巨大且不连续的可及性约束：拥有村内培训中心的女性获得有价值培训机会的可能性是其他女性的四倍。超过一半的出行代价产生于跨越村庄边界之时。外生的津贴变异显示，这种边界效应的抵消成本很高，且无法由出行成本来解释。安全因素是一个重要方面：提供安全的集体交通会提高参加率，而安全担忧更强的女性、以及穿行人口稀少地区（作为不安全的代理变量）的女性，其参加率更低。无论在村内还是村外中心参加培训，女性获得的积极收益大体相近。
Abstract
Experimental evidence from Pakistan shows that distance poses a large and discontinuous access constraint: women with village-based training centers are four times more likely to access valued training opportunities. More than half of the travel penalty is incurred when crossing the village boundary. Exogenous stipend variation reveals that this boundary effect is costly to offset and is not explained by travel costs. Security considerations are an important factor: providing secure group transport raises take-up, while women with greater safety concerns and those traversing underpopulated areas, a proxy for insecurity, have lower take-up. The training has similar positive benefits for women attending inside- and outside-village centers.