感知到的劳动力市场竞争是否会加剧难民与当地东道居民之间的偏见？来自乌干达和埃塞俄比亚的证据

中文摘要

我们利用在埃塞俄比亚和乌干达城乡地区开展的一项调查情境实验，研究对劳动力市场竞争的感知是否会对难民与当地东道居民彼此的外群体态度产生负面影响。我们的情境材料由一个关于虚构求职者的简短故事构成，其中对该求职者的公民身份（难民/本国公民）和职业（与受访者相同/不同）进行随机化。我们的估计表明，当情境中的人物是与东道居民从事相同职业的难民时，东道居民的态度显著更为负面。难民群体中则未发现这种针对外群体的偏见。在考察结果对情境的依赖性时，证据表明，与感知到的劳动力市场竞争相关的对难民的负面态度，主要出现在难民劳动者数量有限的情境中。因此，对劳动力市场竞争的感知会助长偏见态度，但结果表明，这些感知到的威胁未必与难民和东道居民实际经历的劳动力市场竞争相一致。基于既往接触和族群—语言接近程度的进一步异质性分析提供了提示性证据，表明在难民情境中，跨群体互动会削弱感知到的劳动力市场竞争作为外群体偏见驱动因素的显著性。• 我们研究感知到的就业竞争如何影响埃塞俄比亚和乌干达的外群体态度。• 结果显示，感知到的就业竞争与对难民的负面态度相关。• 异质性分析显示，研究结果由仅与少量难民竞争的东道居民所驱动。• 族群—语言接近和既往接触会减少对难民的负面态度。

Abstract

We study whether perceptions of labor market competition negatively influence out-group attitudes between refugees and their local hosts using a survey vignette experiment conducted in urban and rural Ethiopia and Uganda. Our vignette consists of a short story about a fictional job-seeker in which we randomize the citizenship (refugee/national) and occupation (same as/different from respondent). Our estimates suggest that host attitudes are significantly more negative when the vignette character is a refugee in the same occupation. Such prejudice against the out-group is not confirmed among refugees. Exploring the context-dependency of our results, evidence suggests that negative attitudes towards refugees that are tied to perceived labor market competition largely manifest in contexts of limited refugee worker presence. Hence, perceived labor market competition contributes to prejudicial attitudes, but results suggest that these perceived threats do not necessarily coincide with experienced labor market competition between refugees and their hosts. Additional heterogeneity analysis based on prior contact and ethno-linguistic proximity provides suggestive evidence that cross-group interactions reduce the salience of perceived labor market competition as a driver of out-group prejudice in refugee settings. • We study how perceived job competition influences outgroup attitudes in Ethiopia and Uganda. • Results show that perceived job competition links to negative attitudes toward refugees. • Heterogeneity analysis shows results are driven by hosts competing with few refugees. • Ethnolinguistic proximity and prior contact reduce negative attitudes toward refugees.