有伤风化罪：将性工作定为犯罪的意外后果*

中文摘要

我们利用印度尼西亚东爪哇省某地区地方官员出人意料地将性工作定为犯罪、而邻近地区并未采取这一做法的事件，考察将性工作定为犯罪的影响。我们收集了政策变化前后女性性工作者及其客户的数据。基于生物学检测，我们发现，刑事化使女性性工作者的性传播感染率上升了58%。这一结果由安全套的获取和使用减少所致。我们还发现证据表明，刑事化降低了因该政策而离开性工作的女性的收入，削弱了她们负担子女就学费用的能力，同时提高了子女开始工作以补贴家庭收入的可能性。尽管如果市场规模永久缩小，刑事化有可能改善总体人口的性传播感染状况，但我们表明，在刑事化实施五年后，该市场已经反弹，且一般人群中性传播感染的传播概率可能已经上升。

Abstract

Abstract We examine the impact of criminalizing sex work, exploiting an event in which local officials unexpectedly criminalized sex work in one district in East Java, Indonesia, but not in neighboring districts. We collect data from female sex workers and their clients before and after the change. We find that criminalization increases sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers by 58 percent, measured by biological tests. This is driven by decreased condom access and use. We also find evidence that criminalization decreases earnings among women who left sex work due to criminalization and decreases their ability to meet their children’s school expenses while increasing the likelihood that children begin working to supplement household income. Although criminalization has the potential to improve population STI outcomes if the market shrinks permanently, we show that five years postcriminalization the market has rebounded and the probability of STI transmission in the general population is likely to have increased.