投票规则、投票率与经济政策
Voting Rules, Turnout, and Economic Policies
Annual Review of Economics · 2025 · [{"name": "Enrico Cantoni", "affiliation": ["University of Bologna"]}, {"name": "Vincent Pons", "affiliation": []}, {"name": "Jérôme Schäfer", "affiliation": ["Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München"]}]
中文摘要
近年来，选民身份证法与便利投票引发了激烈的党派争论。为厘清这些政策问题，我们综述了关于选民投票率的制度决定因素及其影响的证据，并将视角拓展至最受争议的规则之外。我们首先讨论选举参与的重要性——既因其对政策选择的影响，也因其对民主合法性的意义。随后，基于一个简单的投票成本—收益模型，我们回顾了关于投票程序及其他选举规则影响的（准）实验研究。投票程序主要影响参与成本。当这些程序造成的障碍出现在选举之前、且利害关系不突出时，其影响更大；而当政党动员选民反对这些障碍、且存在替代投票方式时，其影响较小。选举的上游与下游规则主要通过收益发挥作用，例如通过影响选举竞争性和候选人数量。最后，我们指出了未来研究的问题。
Abstract
In recent years, voter ID laws and convenience voting have generated heated partisan debates. To shed light on these policy issues, we survey the evidence on the institutional determinants and effects of voter turnout and broaden the perspective beyond the most debated rules. We begin by discussing the importance of electoral participation both for its consequences on policy choices and for democratic legitimacy. Building on a simple cost–benefit model of voting, we then review (quasi-)experimental research on the effects of voting procedures and of other election rules. Voting procedures primarily affect the cost of participation. The obstacles they create matter more when they occur ahead of the election and when the stakes are not salient, and they matter less when parties mobilize voters against them and when alternative ways to vote exist. Election rules both upstream and downstream from the election operate mostly through benefits, for instance, by affecting electoral competitiveness and the number of candidates. We conclude by highlighting questions for future research.