中文摘要
越来越多的家庭安装太阳能电池板并消费由此产生的电能，这给监管者带来了两大挑战：电网融资和纵向公平。我们为政策制定者提出了备选的电价与补贴设计方案，以激励太阳能电池板的采用，并确保电网成本得到回收，同时在效率、公平与福利动机之间进行权衡。我们利用一套独特的匹配数据集——涵盖瑞士165,000户家庭在2008年至2014年间的能源消费、价格、收入、财富、太阳能电池板安装情况及建筑特征——估计了一个能源需求与太阳能电池板采用的结构模型。我们的反事实分析建议，为实现太阳能目标，应采用最优的太阳能电池板安装成本补贴和两部制能源电价。我们表明，与安装成本补贴相比，依靠边际价格来激励太阳能电池板的采用具有更高的成本效率，并且在收入分布上更具累进性，但会造成更大的总体福利损失。
Abstract
Abstract An increasing number of households installing solar panels and consuming the energy thus produced raises two challenges for regulators: network financing and vertical equity. We propose alternative tariff and subsidy designs for policymakers to incentivize solar panel adoptions and guarantee that network costs are recovered, while trading off efficiency, equity, and welfare motives. We estimate a structural model of energy demand and solar panel adoption, using a unique matched dataset on energy consumption, prices, income, wealth, solar panel installations, and building characteristics for 165,000 households in Switzerland from 2008 to 2014. Our counterfactuals recommend the optimal solar panel installation cost subsidies and two-part energy tariffs to achieve a solar energy target. We show that, relative to installation cost subsidies, relying on marginal prices to incentivize solar panel adoptions is more cost efficient and progressive across the income distribution, but generates a larger aggregate welfare loss.