从农田到工厂：越南的经济特区、外国直接投资与劳动力市场
From fields to factories: Special economic zones, foreign direct investment, and labour markets in Vietnam
Journal of Development Economics · 2025 · Tevin Tafese、Jann Lay、Van Quang Tran
中文摘要
越南深度融入全球价值链（GVC）主要由经济特区（SEZ）的设立所推动。本文考察这一经济特区计划对当地劳动力市场的影响。我们利用历史卫星影像追踪经济特区建成区随时间的变化，据此构建了一个新的经济特区暴露度连续指标。采用连续处理的双重差分设计，我们考察了2009—2019年经济特区暴露度对县级层面当地劳动力市场结果的影响。研究发现，经济特区的扩张促使就业迅速从农业中的自营劳动和家庭劳动转向外资企业的制造业岗位。我们还发现，经济特区暴露度会提高工资，并带来更多正式就业合同。收入改善并不局限于外资制造企业的工人，还惠及家庭经营企业和内资企业的工人。女性群体所受的效应构成上述影响的大部分。
Abstract
Vietnam's deep integration into GVCs has been driven by the establishment of special economic zones (SEZs). This paper examines the local labour market impacts of this SEZ programme. We trace the built-up area of SEZs over time to construct a novel continuous measure of SEZ exposure using historical satellite imagery. In a difference-in-differences design with continuous treatment, we examine the impact of SEZ exposure on local labour market outcomes at the district-level for the period 2009–2019. We find that the expansion of SEZs has led to a rapid shift in employment from own-account and family work in agriculture to manufacturing in foreign firms. We also show that SEZ exposure leads to higher wages and more formal employment contracts. Earnings improvements are not confined to workers in foreign manufacturing firms, but spill over to workers in household businesses and domestic firms. The effects on women account for most of these impacts.