中文摘要
我们研究宗教、科学与政治的共同演化。首先，我们利用国际和美国数据发现，宗教虔诚度与人均专利数量之间存在稳健的负相关关系。随后，模型结合了三个要素：（1）能够提高生产率、但有时会削弱宗教信仰的科学发现；（2）允许创新扩散或阻止其扩散的政府；（3）能够投资于教义改革的宗教机构。由此产生三种长期结果。“西欧世俗化”体制呈现宗教虔诚度下降、科学发展不受阻碍以及高税收和高转移支付的特征。“神权”体制则表现为知识停滞、教条不受质疑以及高额宗教公共品支出。“美国”体制通过教义调适，将科学进步与稳定的宗教虔诚度结合起来，同时实行低税收，并为宗教活动提供一定的财政和法律优势。然而，收入不平等的加剧可能会壮大宗教右翼联盟，使其开始阻止削弱宗教信仰的思想传播。
Abstract
Abstract We study the co-evolution of religion, science, and politics. We first uncover, in international and U.S. data, a robust negative relationship between religiosity and patents per capita. The model then combines: (1) scientific discoveries that raise productivity but sometimes erode religious beliefs; (2) a government that allows innovations to diffuse, or blocks them; (3) religious institutions that can invest in doctrinal reform. Three long-term outcomes emerge. The “Western-European Secularization” regime has declining religiosity, unimpeded science, and high taxes and transfers. The “Theocratic” regime involves knowledge stagnation, unquestioned dogma, and high religious-public-goods spending. The “American” regime combines scientific progress and stable religiosity through doctrinal adaptations, with low taxes and some fiscal-legal advantages for religious activities. Rising income inequality can, however, empower a Religious-Right alliance that starts blocking belief-eroding ideas.