中文摘要
丹麦是世界上最富裕的国家之一，同时兼具较低的不平等程度、低失业率和高水平的收入保障。这一表现通常归因于丹麦的劳动力市场模式，其特征是所谓的“灵活保障”。本文描述并评估丹麦的灵活保障。丹麦的经验表明，仅靠灵活保障本身，即将适用于企业的灵活雇佣和解雇规则与面向劳动者的高水平收入保障相结合，不足以取得成功结果。灵活保障政策还需要纳入全面的积极劳动力市场项目（ALMPs），并要求失业补偿领取者强制参与。丹麦在积极劳动力市场项目上的支出超过其他任何经济合作与发展组织（OECD）国家。我们回顾了说明ALMPs如何能够缓解高水平收入保障所伴随的逆向选择和道德风险问题的理论，并回顾了丹麦持续开展的政策评估所提供的有关ALMPs有效性的实证证据；这些政策评估包括系统地使用随机实验。我们还讨论了灵活保障在应对全球化、自动化和移民带来的挑战方面的适用性，以及美国（或其他国家）若采用灵活保障政策将面临的权衡取舍。
Abstract
Denmark is one of the richest countries in the world and achieves this in combination with low inequality, low unemployment, and high-income security. This performance is often attributed to the Danish labor market model characterized by what has become known as flexicurity. This essay describes and evaluates Danish flexicurity. The Danish experience shows that flexicurity in itself, that is, flexible hiring and firing rules for firms combined with high income security for workers, is insufficient for successful outcomes. The flexicurity policy also needs to include comprehensive active labor market programs (ALMPs) with compulsory participation for recipients of unemployment compensation. Denmark spends more on active labor market programs than any other OECD country. We review theory showing how ALMPs can mitigate adverse selection and moral hazard problems associated with high income security and review empirical evidence on the effectiveness of ALMPs from the ongoing Danish policy evaluation, which includes a systematic use of randomized experiments. We also discuss the aptness of flexicurity to meet challenges from globalization, automation, and immigration and the trade-offs that the United States (or other countries) would face in adopting a flexicurity policy.