The Gender Earnings Gap in the Gig Economy: Evidence from over a Million Rideshare Drivers
Review of Economic Studies · 2020 · Cody Cook、Rebecca Diamond、Jonathan Hall、John A. List、Paul Oyer
中文摘要
“零工”经济的发展为劳动者提供了灵活性，有人推测这将有利于女性。我们通过考察美国Uber平台上逾百万名网约车司机的劳动供给选择与收入，探讨这一问题。我们发现，司机中存在约7%的性别收入差距。我们表明，这一差距可以完全归因于三个因素：平台经验（干中学）、对工作地点的偏好与约束（主要由司机居住地驱动，安全因素的作用相对较小），以及对驾驶速度的偏好。我们未发现对特定工作时段的偏好、周内工作强度的回报或顾客歧视对男性和女性产生不同的影响。我们的结果提示，在不存在性别歧视且劳动力市场高度灵活的“零工”经济环境中，女性未用于有偿工作的时间具有相对较高的机会成本，这一点加上男女在偏好与约束上的差异，可以使性别收入差距持续存在。
Abstract
Abstract The growth of the “gig” economy generates worker flexibility that, some have speculated, will favour women. We explore this by examining labour supply choices and earnings among more than a million rideshare drivers on Uber in the U.S. We document a roughly 7% gender earnings gap amongst drivers. We show that this gap can be entirely attributed to three factors: experience on the platform (learning-by-doing), preferences and constraints over where to work (driven largely by where drivers live and, to a lesser extent, safety), and preferences for driving speed. We do not find that men and women are differentially affected by a taste for specific hours, a return to within-week work intensity, or customer discrimination. Our results suggest that, in a “gig” economy setting with no gender discrimination and highly flexible labour markets, women’s relatively high opportunity cost of non-paid-work time and gender-based differences in preferences and constraints can sustain a gender pay gap.