NBER Working Papers · 2026 · Joshua T. Dean、Christine L. Exley、Muriel Niederle、Heather Sarsons
中文摘要
性别中立的态度意味着无论某行为由男性还是女性做出，都给予同样的评判。然而，性别态度调查通常要求受访者孤立地评价关于男性或女性行为的陈述，从不引出当同一行为被指派给另一性别时将作何评价。因此，此类回答无法揭示受访者是否认为社会持有性别中立的观点。我们引入配对（角色互换）引出法，即对在其他方面完全相同的行为改变其所指派的性别。在一个具有代表性的美国人样本中，对标准陈述的回答表明，很少有受访者认为社会对女性持有传统观点。孤立地看，这可能被视为社会已超越限制选择的性别角色的证据。然而，配对引出法揭示出性别中立性缺口：只有约一半的受访者在标准陈述与角色互换陈述之间报告了相同的信念，即使这些陈述仅在将哪个性别指派给哪种行为上有所不同。因此，相当一部分受访者认为不同行为的社会可接受性取决于性别。配对回答还揭示了显著的异质性，并揭示出驱动回答的更广泛的潜在信念，例如关于工作与家庭的信念，而非特定性别的观点。
Abstract
Gender-neutral attitudes judge a behavior the same way regardless of whether a man or a woman does it. Yet surveys of gender attitudes typically ask respondents to evaluate statements about men's or women's behaviors in isolation, never eliciting how the same behavior is evaluated when assigned to the other gender. Such responses therefore cannot reveal whether respondents perceive society as holding gender-neutral views. We introduce paired (role-reversed) elicitation, which varies the gender assigned to otherwise identical behaviors. In a representative sample of Americans, responses to standard statements suggest that few respondents perceive society as holding traditional views toward women. In isolation, this may be seen as evidence that society has moved past gender roles that confine choices. The paired elicitation, however, reveals a gender-neutrality gap: only about half of respondents report the same beliefs across the standard and role-reversed statements, even though these statements only vary in terms of which gender is assigned to which behavior. Thus, a substantial portion of respondents believe that the social acceptability of different actions depends on gender. Paired responses also uncover substantial heterogeneity and reveal broader underlying beliefs driving responses, such as beliefs about work and family rather than gender-specific views.