Journal of the European Economic Association · 2019 · Antonela Miho、Alexandra Jarotschkin、Ekaterina V. Zhuravskaya
中文摘要
我们以斯大林的民族驱逐作为一项历史实验,研究群体间的横向文化传播。二战期间,超过200万苏联公民——主要是德意志人和车臣人——仅因族裔身份被强制从苏联西部迁往东部。由此,驱逐目的地的当地原住民外生地接触到性别规范与行为截然不同的群体。我们结合历史与当代数据发现:在新教徒被驱逐者(相对于穆斯林被驱逐者)数量更多的驱逐目的地,当地原住民如今在劳动力参与、企业领导层和生育方面的性别平等水平更高,支持性别平等的态度也更为强烈。对于文化上更接近的群体,以及在采纳被驱逐者规范成本更低的情形下,效应更强。这些结果无法用选择性偏误、垂直文化传播或被驱逐者对当地经济的影响来解释。相关证据有力地表明,性别规范通过模仿和学习从被驱逐者横向扩散至当地原住民。
Abstract
We study horizontal between-group cultural transmission using Stalin’s ethnic deportations as a historical experiment. Over 2 million Soviet citizens, mostly Germans and Chechens, were forcibly relocated from the western to eastern parts of the USSR during WWII solely based on ethnicity. As a result, the native population of the deportation destinations was exogenously exposed to groups with drastically different gender norms and behavior. We combine historical and contemporary data to document that present-day gender equality in labor force participation, business leadership, and fertility as well as pro-gender-equality attitudes are higher among local native population of deportation destinations with a larger presence of Protestant compared to Muslim deportees. The effects are stronger for culturally closer groups and when adopting deportee norms is less costly. The results cannot be explained by selection, vertical cultural transmission, or deportee impact on the local economy. The evidence strongly suggests that gender norms diffused horizontally from deportees to the local population through imitation and learning.