Journal of the European Economic Association · 2023 · Francisca Antman、Brian Duncan
中文摘要
本文将美洲原住民的种族自我认同与全美部落博彩业的兴起联系起来。我们发现，允许部落开设赌场的州政策变化，与具有美洲印第安人血统的个体自我认同为美洲原住民的概率增加相关，且与没有美洲印第安人血统的个体自我认同为美洲原住民的概率降低相关。此外，我们发现影响的量级随美洲印第安人血统联系的强度而增加。当因果识别来自各州随时间推移的美洲印第安人赌场开业时，类似结果依然成立，且启发性证据表明，如果赌场可能向其成员支付人均分红，则影响更强。这些结果与一个概念框架一致，在该框架中，我们将种族认同与经济动机，以及对于无确证血统联系的个体而言与特定种族群体归属相关的社会污名联系起来。我们的结果强调了经济激励与社会因素在个体种族身份选择中的重要性。
Abstract
Abstract This paper links Native American racial self-identification with the rise in tribal gaming across the United States. We find that state policy changes allowing tribes to open casinos are associated with an increase in the probability that individuals with American Indian ancestors will self-identify as Native American and a decrease in the probability that individuals with no American Indian ancestry will self-identify as Native American. Moreover, we find that the magnitudes of the impacts are increasing in the strength of American Indian ancestral ties. Similar results hold when causal identification comes from American Indian casino openings across states over time and suggestive evidence shows stronger impacts if casinos are likely to pay per capita dividend payments to their members. These results are consistent with a conceptual framework in which we tie racial identification to economic motivations as well as social stigma associated with affiliating with a racial group for those without documented ancestral ties. Our results underscore the importance of economic incentives and social factors underlying the individual choice of racial identity.