Journal of Economic Perspectives · 2022 · Giulia Giupponi、Camille Landais、Alice Lapeyre
中文摘要
应对劳动力市场衰退的最有效方式是什么？对于这一问题，大西洋两岸的决策者在COVID-19危机期间给出了截然相反的答案。在美国，重点是通过提高失业保险的慷慨度来为工人提供保险。而在欧洲，政策则集中于保住工作，通过扩大短时工作计划来补贴劳动力囤积。谁的做法正确？在本文中，我们表明，失业保险与短时工作远非替代关系，而是表现出强烈的互补性。它们为不同类型的工人提供保险，并针对不同类型的冲击提供保险。短时工作在应对大规模临时性冲击时能有效减少社会成本高昂的裁员，但在应对需要跨企业和跨部门重新配置的更具持续性的冲击时效果较弱。我们得出结论，短时工作是衰退期间劳动力市场政策工具箱的重要补充，应与失业保险一并使用。
Abstract
What is the most efficient way to respond to recessions in the labor market? To this question, policymakers on the two sides of the pond gave diametrically opposed answers during the COVID-19 crisis. In the United States, the focus was on insuring workers by increasing the generosity of unemployment insurance. In Europe, instead, policies were concentrated on saving jobs, with the expansion of short-time work programs to subsidize labor hoarding. Who got it right? In this article, we show that far from being substitutes, unemployment insurance and short-time work exhibit strong complementarities. They provide insurance to different types of workers and against different types of shocks. Short-time work can be effective at reducing socially costly layoffs against large temporary shocks, but it is less effective against more persistent shocks that require reallocation across firms and sectors. We conclude that short-time work is an important addition to the labor market policy-toolkit during recessions, to be used alongside unemployment insurance.