政治候选人的程序性障碍：性别、挫败感与候选人坚持
Procedural Barriers to Political Candidacy: Gender, Discouragement and Candidate Persistence
The Economic Journal · 2025 · [{"name": "Marco Faravelli", "affiliation": ["The University of Queensland"]}, {"name": "Umair Khalil", "affiliation": ["Deakin University"]}, {"name": "Sundar Ponnusamy", "affiliation": ["Deakin University"]}]
中文摘要
摘要 印度选举中的一项程序性规则要求候选人缴纳一笔名义保证金；若所得选票少于六分之一，该保证金将被没收。保证金被没收使女性在下一次选举中再次参选的概率降低 13.3 个百分点（相对效应大小为 68%）。我们未发现男性存在此类效应。这些效应具有持续性，从长期来看同样会抑制女性候选人参选。在性别规范更为保守的邦，上述结果更为显著；被没收保证金的女性在下一次选举中获胜的概率也低 11.8 个百分点。我们进一步通过对代表性选民开展调查实验来拓展分析。
Abstract
Abstract A procedural rule in Indian elections requires candidates to pay a nominal deposit, which is forfeited on obtaining fewer than one-sixth of the votes. Forfeiture diminishes female recontesting by 13.3 percentage points in the following election (relative effect size of 68%). We find no such effects for men. These effects are persistent and discourage female candidates in the long term as well. States with more regressive gender norms exhibit stronger findings, with female forfeiters also being 11.8 percentage points less likely to win the following election. We enhance our analysis by conducting a survey experiment with representative voters.