Journal of Development Economics · 2026 · Jean‐Marie Baland、Cédric Duprez、Wouter Gelade、Francois Woitrin
中文摘要
本文构建了一个南北贸易模型，以研究公平贸易的影响。在没有认证标签的情况下，南方生产者受到向北方市场出口的买方垄断型贸易商的剥削。公平贸易标签授予部分现有贸易商，用以证明其采用了较高的劳动标准，或向南方生产者支付了公平价格。我们首先表明，此类标签从不带来帕累托改进：南方未获标签的生产者和部分获标签生产者的福利下降，而北方消费者的福利上升。公平贸易的扩张往往会加剧这些影响。我们还表明，在贸易商拥有更强市场势力的环境中，公平贸易的后果会被系统性削弱。我们还考察了另一种情形，即在私人贸易商之外引入新的公平贸易合作社。这些合作社以其交易对象——生产者——的福利最大化为目标。我们表明，主要结论在这一情形下同样成立。
Abstract
In this paper, we develop a model of North-South trade to investigate the impact of Fair Trade. In the absence of a label, Southern producers are exploited by monopsonisitic traders who export to Northern markets. The Fair Trade label, given to some existing traders, certifies the adoption of high labor standards or the payment of fair prices to producers in the South. We first show that such a label is never Pareto-improving: the welfare of unlabeled and some labeled producers in the South falls while the welfare of Northern consumers increases. An expansion of Fair Trade tends to exacerbate those effects. We also show that the consequences of fair trade are systematically dampened in environments where traders enjoy more market power. We also explore an alternative setting in which new Fair Trade cooperatives are introduced alongside private traders. The cooperatives maximize the welfare of the producers they trade with. We show that our main results also apply in this context.