有尊严制造：公平贸易的再分配影响

Journal of Development Economics · 2026 · [{"name": "Jean‐Marie Baland", "affiliation": ["Ministerio de Defensa"]}, {"name": "Cédric Duprez", "affiliation": ["National Bank of Belgium"]}, {"name": "Wouter Gelade", "affiliation": ["National Bank of Belgium"]}, {"name": "Francois Woitrin", "affiliation": ["University of Namur"]}]

中文摘要

本文构建了一个南北贸易模型，用以考察公平贸易的影响。在没有标签的情况下，南方生产者受到向北方市场出口的买方垄断贸易商的剥削。公平贸易标签授予部分现有贸易商，用以认证其采用高劳动标准或向南方生产者支付公平价格。我们首先表明，此类标签从不构成帕累托改进：南方未贴标签的生产者以及部分贴标签生产者的福利下降，而北方消费者的福利上升。公平贸易的扩张往往会加剧这些效应。我们还表明，在贸易商拥有更强市场势力的环境中，公平贸易的后果会被系统性地削弱。我们进一步考察了另一种设定：在私人贸易商之外引入新的公平贸易合作社，合作社以其交易对象生产者的福利最大化为目标。我们表明，本文的主要结论在这一情境下同样成立。

Abstract

In this paper, we develop a model of North-South trade to investigate the impact of Fair Trade. In the absence of a label, Southern producers are exploited by monopsonisitic traders who export to Northern markets. The Fair Trade label, given to some existing traders, certifies the adoption of high labor standards or the payment of fair prices to producers in the South. We first show that such a label is never Pareto-improving: the welfare of unlabeled and some labeled producers in the South falls while the welfare of Northern consumers increases. An expansion of Fair Trade tends to exacerbate those effects. We also show that the consequences of fair trade are systematically dampened in environments where traders enjoy more market power. We also explore an alternative setting in which new Fair Trade cooperatives are introduced alongside private traders. The cooperatives maximize the welfare of the producers they trade with. We show that our main results also apply in this context.