少数优质口罩:COVID-19疫情期间卢旺达的口罩制造与供应网络
A few good masks: Mask manufacturing and supply networks in Rwanda during the COVID-19 pandemic
Journal of Development Economics · 2026 · [{"name": "Kieran Byrne", "affiliation": ["Queen Mary University of London"]}, {"name": "Florence Kondylis", "affiliation": ["World Bank", "World Bank Group"]}, {"name": "John Loeser", "affiliation": ["World Bank", "World Bank Group"]}, {"name": "Denis Mukama", "affiliation": ["Rwanda Development Board"]}]
中文摘要
贸易摩擦是否会限制人们获得改良型健康技术？在 COVID-19 疫情初期，卢旺达鼓励并许可少数经挑选的纺织制造商在国内生产高质量口罩。我们利用许可前纺织品贸易网络所形成的口罩制造暴露度的空间差异，在事件研究设计下使用收据层面的交易数据进行分析。对口罩制造暴露程度较低的本地市场，口罩价格更高、购买的口罩更少，并且以退烧药需求作为代理指标的 COVID-19 感染增长更快。结果的动态特征表明，制造口罩所带来的感染减少，主要是由口罩质量而非数量所解释的。
Abstract
Can trade frictions limit access to improved health technologies? Rwanda encouraged and licensed domestic production of high-quality masks by a few selected textile manufacturers at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. We exploit spatial variation in exposure to mask manufacturing through pre-licensing textile trade networks within an event-study design using receipt-level transaction data. Local markets less exposed to mask manufacturing had higher mask prices, purchased fewer masks, and experienced faster growth in COVID-19 infections proxied by demand for anti-fever medicine. The dynamics of our results suggest that mask quality, rather than quantity, explains reduced infections caused by manufactured masks.