中文摘要
服务贸易与货物贸易的不同之处在于，服务出口所涉及的贸易成本取决于服务是以线下方式（通过生产者或消费者的出行）交付还是以远程方式（通过互联网）交付。本文在Grossman和Rossi-Hansberg（2008）的任务贸易框架基础上，构建了一个基于任务的服务贸易模型，用以解释将中间服务任务交付给外国市场客户时选择线下方式还是互联网方式的行为。为检验该实证模型的预测，我分离出美国23个服务部门的平均贸易成本，并考察互联网技术、出行成本以及各部门中只能线下完成职业的雇员占比对总贸易成本的贡献。我发现，与雇员更多集中于可在线完成职业的服务出口商相比，仅线下职业雇员集中度更高的美国服务出口商面临显著更高的贸易成本，这一现象在COVID-19疫情期间以及专业服务部门尤为明显。
Abstract
Trade in services is unique from goods trade in that the trade cost associated with services exports depends on whether the service is delivered in-person (via travel of producer or consumer) or remotely (via the internet). Building on the trade-in-task framework of Grossman and Rossi-Hansberg (2008), this paper develops a task-based model of services trade that explains choice of delivering intermediate services tasks to customers in foreign markets either in-person or over the internet. To test the predictions of the empirical model, I isolate average trade costs for 23 U.S. services sectors, and consider the contribution of internet technology, travel costs, and the share of employees in each sector in occupations that can only be performed in-person to total trade costs. I find that U.S. services exporters with a higher concentration of in-person only employees face significantly higher trade costs than those with employees more concentrated in occupations that can be performed online, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic and for professional services sectors.