发展中国家收入不平等的下降：以巴西为例
Declining Wage Inequality in Developing Countries: The Case of Brazil
Journal of Economic Literature · 2025 · [{"name": "Sérgio Firpo", "affiliation": ["Insper"]}, {"name": "Alysson Portella", "affiliation": ["Insper"]}]
中文摘要
尽管富裕国家的不平等程度不断上升，许多发展中经济体近几十年来却经历了不平等的下降。巴西便是一个显著的例子：1995年至2015年间，其基尼系数从58点降至48点。大量研究探讨了导致这一下降的多种解释。本文综述了这些文献，将巴西作为一个典型案例研究，以理解发展中世界许多地区不平等下降这一更广泛现象。我们呈现了这一时期有关不平等的典型化事实，重点关注分解方法的结果。随后，我们考察了运用准实验和结构模型的研究，以评估劳动供给与需求、贸易、技术变革，以及最低工资、种族与性别歧视等制度因素相关的作用机制。最后，我们讨论了一些尚未解决的问题。（JEL D31, D63, J22, J23, J31, O15）
Abstract
Despite rising inequality in rich countries, many developing economies have experienced a decline in inequality in recent decades. Brazil is a notable example. From 1995 to 2015, its Gini index decreased from 58 to 48 points. An extensive body of research has investigated a diverse set of explanations for this reduction. This article reviews this literature, using Brazil as a privileged case study to understand the broader phenomenon of inequality decline in many parts of the developing world. We present stylized facts about inequality during this period, focusing on the results of decomposition methods. We then examine research that employs quasi-experiments and structural models to assess mechanisms related to labor supply and demand, trade, technological changes, and institutional factors such as the minimum wage and race and gender discrimination. We end by discussing some unanswered questions. (JEL D31, D63, J22, J23, J31, O15)