边境碳调整的经济学: 在边境补偿碳的理由与影响
The Economics of Border Carbon Adjustment: Rationale and Impacts of Compensating for Carbon at the Border
Annual Review of Economics · 2023 · [{"name": "Lionel Fontagné", "affiliation": ["Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales", "SoftBank Robotics (France)", "Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne", "Paris School of Economics"]}, {"name": "Katheline Schubert", "affiliation": ["Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques", "Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne", "Paris School of Economics"]}]
中文摘要
国际贸易直接导致全球温室气体排放，因为高排放产品所含的碳在不同国家被赋予不同的价格。这一现象被称为碳泄漏。因此，从理论上讲，不对碳定价等同于一种出口补贴，尽管在多边贸易法框架下很难对此提出质疑。通过边境碳调整（BCA）对进口产品中所含的碳进行定价——无论是征税、碳关税，还是要求购买排放配额的监管措施——可以缓解碳泄漏。BCA的设计是在防止泄漏的环境有效性、保持竞争力并确保可接受性的经济有效性、实施的技术可行性，以及与世界贸易组织规则的兼容性之间进行权衡。仅限进口的BCA在减少泄漏方面比免费发放排放配额更有效，但它无法保持实施该政策国家的出口竞争力。
Abstract
International trade contributes directly to global greenhouse gas emissions, as the carbon content of high-emission products is priced differently in different countries. This phenomenon is termed carbon leakage. Thus, not putting a price on carbon is theoretically equivalent to an export subsidy, although that would be difficult to challenge in the context of multilateral trade law. Leakage can be alleviated by pricing the carbon embedded in imported products through a border carbon adjustment (BCA), be it a tax, a carbon tariff, or a regulation requiring the purchase of emissions allowances. The design of a BCA is a compromise between environmental effectiveness in preventing leakage, economic effectiveness in preserving competitiveness and ensuring acceptability, technical feasibility of the implementation, and World Trade Organization compatibility. An import-limited BCA is more effective than free emissions allowances in reducing leakage, but it does not preserve the export competitiveness of the country imposing it.